Introduction Cities as the physical and human assets aggregation centers, will toll a lot at crisis time. So attending to passive defense matter can considerably decrease the damages. Passive defense is one of those matters that have become attended during recent years at URBAN plans and schematizations. And one of the passive defense policies - in all countries generally and in Iran specially - is constructing URBAN SHELTERS to protect citizens’ lives and decreasing human harms. Staying in SHELTERS provides the ability of habitation and temporary people lives for one or two months and also provides preserving and modulating the activities, managing the environment, resistance and securing URBAN life. The city of Saqqez, as the center of Saqqez division at Kurdistan province, is subjected to present research which experiences many natural incidents as a mountainous city, of which, flood is the most important one. Generally further to geological status of this city, there exist several agents which increase the probability of crisis at Saqqez such as existence of loose earth, hillsides susceptible for sliding or stone staving, unobserving the construction rules and precepts, instability of the earth, lack of rebuilding of damaged zones, lack of suitable pathways, lack of fundamental studies and works for solving the inundation problem and repelling flood, missing the basic plans for encountering future tensions and hundreds of other problems which appear now in Saqqez city, so that if they continue and remain unsolved, they may lead to some hard knots and unsolvable problems and if such situations occurred, unless expending immense charges and hard trying of planners can’t improve the created situation. One of the most important tasks that appear after accident is temporary or semi-temporary habitation and consequently permanent habitation of survivors of accident. So present research have been codified with the main aim localization of URBAN SHELTERS with passive defense approach and the minor aims specification and utilizing some criterions for selecting the best shelter for temporary habitation, helping the URBAN guardians and deciders in prioritizing latent locations and selecting the best location for making shelter.Materials & Methods This research is regarded among applied researches, and descriptive-analytical method is used for codifying it. Needed information is imitated through library, documents, fieldwork, statistical results and census tables. In this research based on available statics at detailed plan of Saqqez city and also a fieldwork at 2014, the ANP model at environment of Super Decision software has utilized for evaluating the criterions. Thereafter informative layers and proportionate maps with criterions was provided finally the combined map of criterions has been extracted which shows the best location for building shelter in this zone.Result & Discussion According to the performed studies, in order to answer the first question, the most effective criterions at localization of safe space of SHELTERS: criterions of distance from clinic and infirmary centers, distance from fire stations, distance from open areas, distance from educational centers, distance from police stations and military centers, population accumulation, adaptability of URBAN land uses and accessing to communication network have been considered. In order to answer the second question, suitable locations for generating SHELTERS at crisis times, are those points of city which have enough open areas and at the same time are compatible with surrounding land uses which have rather better potential for habitation of injured people. Those zones with incompatible and medley URBAN use and insufficient area have minimum possible ability for planning SHELTERS. Thus central part has a high ability for habitation of injured people because of having proper open areas and also suitable accessibility.Conclusion Achieved results of this research show that by compilation of different layers of effective URBAN land uses, final map of optimized areas for generating URBAN SHELTERS classified at five parcels from very good to very lean and 9 preferred locations have been considered which among them green areas, arid lands and schools have maximum scores for temporal habitation. Thus 3 parks in the city, 1 school and other open and arid lands have been preferred. According to performed analysis and results, designation of equipment and necessary services at selected locations for temporary habitation specially parks and gardens such as specifying heliport, toilets, water sources, etc. are obligatory then it is not necessary to spend time for providing them during any misadventure in order to not any tribulation retards the fast relief process. Constructing the wide open spaces such as parks, gardens, sport fields, etc. with at least 2000 square meter area inside the neighboring units simultaneously with performing other constructional works among these areas are useful and effective to fast evacuation of injured people to this areas and establishing the temporal houses. Informing and introducing safe places for people habitation is necessary and all governmental and private places, gardens, military places, stadiums and sport fields, bureaus and agencies, relief centers, etc. which have suitable spaces among the city or around it, by respecting protection and safety principles can use their spaces multipurpose and contribute in this matter.

Providing temporary shelter after major disasters is one of the major challenges for survivors and relief and reconstruction officials. In Iran, besides the distribution of tents, a common solution is to construct and deliver containers to the damaged areas. Following the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah province, extensive damage was inflicted on URBAN and rural settlements, especially in the Dasht-e Zahab and Qasr-e-shirin districts. The high extent of the destruction, the proximity to the cold season, the rain, and the problems of living in emergency accommodation tents necessitated the acceleration of the provision of temporary housing and permanent shelter. The present article is a report of an action research project to find a different solution to this problem. Experience shows that accident survivors, especially in rural areas, provide shelter for their families by the locally available materials and technology, or the materials remained from the destroyed buildings. Aware of such a capacity, we tried to take a step towards providing temporary shelter by making maximum use of local materials and some non-local but inexpensive and affordable materials. For the first time, PVC pipes were used as the main structure of a temporary shelter. In the first phase, in December 2017, researchers visited the city of Sarpol-e Zahab and several villages in the region for six days in order to identify and evaluate the conditions of the region. Then, the design and execution of the first experimental sample of this structure called Kashaneh with dimensions of 2 × 3 meters was done in the Faculty of Architecture and URBAN Planning of Shahid Beheshti University. During the execution, many points were identified and corrected, the strength of the structure was tested under gravity loading, and the structural calculations were performed using SAP2000 software. In the next step, the original sample with dimensions of 3 × 4 was built in the village of Kuik Aziz in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab. The willingness to participate among the residents and the positive feedback of the people towards the original sample indicated the success of this type of temporary shelter. Monitoring the samples, lower costs, speed of execution, participation of local labor force, ability to develop and attention to the psychological needs of the survivors in terms of similarity of the created space to a normal building, are among the advantages of this project.

According to the law of the fourth development plan, one of the main axes of the issue of national security is the discussion of passive defense. One of the important parts in the discussion  of passive defense is safe spaces and SHELTERS. In this research, the city of Sanandaj has been chosen as a study sample considering that it is one of the important cities with military importance in the west of the country. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, and for Site Selection URBAN SHELTERS, four criteria are used: compatible uses, incompatible uses, physical use and safety, as well as effective sub-criteria. (Centers with support functions (cultural, educational, medical and sports centers), firefighting centers, industrial and dangerous centers, sensitive and important centers, population density, dense areas, open and green spaces, main roads, slope and distance from the river ) Used. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Model (AHP), the locations in five floors have been obtained in priorities from very suitable to very suitable for the establishment and construction of URBAN SHELTERS. The results show that the central areas of Sanandaj city have a very good to good and relatively good situation in terms of the establishment of SHELTERS, which include Enkhelab St., Namaki St. and Imam St., Abbas Abad Beltway, Golshan St., Chaharbagh St., Salahuddin Ayubi St., Taleghani St. Esteghlal St., Twenty-Hasht Day Blvd., Dovazde Farvardin Blvd., Kurdistan Blvd., Ba'ath Blvd., Allameh Hamdi Blvd., Pasdaran St., Shahada St., and parts of Kargar St. that can be considered as favorable locations for shelter construction.

Due to Iran's strategic position and the political situation in the West, human dangers such as military aggression always threaten the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Considering this issue and the successive threats made by the West and of course, the experiences of the forty years following the Islamic Revolution (attacks on cities and civilians) have led to the appreciation of the need to implement the principles of passive defense in all dimensions. In the event of any potential danger, it is vital to be prepared to react quickly and minimize human and financial losses. Cities have become more vulnerable to accidents due to the growth of URBANization and the expansion of cities. The purpose of this study is to locate and construct multi-purpose URBAN SHELTERS in Bojnourd in order to reduce human casualties. This research is of the descriptive-analytical type in which documents and library resources are used to explain the concepts and extract the necessary criteria for URBAN planning. Then in order to locate multi-purpose URBAN SHELTERS using AHP model, the indicators are prioritized using the Weighted Overlay function of the GIS software. The output-related map criteria have been obtained for each criterion, and by overlapping different maps, we have achieved 3 multi-purpose URBAN SHELTERS for Bojnourd city. The results indicate that the Shahid Square (0. 6079) and the Friday prayer mosque (0. 3406) can be used as the most suitable SHELTERS for emergencies. It should also be noted that the city park (0. 0456) can be used as a reservation in case of space inadequacy in the two mentioned places.

Extended AbstractIntroductionPassive defense refers to a set of non-armed actions and activities which reduces the vulnerability of buildings, manpower, facilities, equipment, funds and vital arteries of the country against destructive and hostile operations of the enemy as well as natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The Including passive defense policies in most countries of world and especially Iran is Building public SHELTERS to protect and maintain of Citizens' lives, also minimizing possible damages in the human domain. But what is important in Proportion with the proposed policy, location and choice of place is suitable for the construction of URBAN SHELTERS. That People can take refuge to these SHELTERS during enemy attacks or during natural crises. For this end, the aim of doing this study is locating potential areas of URBAN SHELTERS based on passive defense principles in Ilam city.             Materials & MethodsPresent research In terms of the purpose, is of the type applied research and in terms of the nature and method of investigation, is of the type descriptive-analytical. Also, in terms of the data collection method, is included in the category of documentary and field research. The statistical population studied is including experts, professors and experts working in academic centers and higher education institutions. Sample size for research based on pairwise comparisons it's limited According to Saati (2002) and are selected Minimum 5 and maximum 15 people for this type of studies. Therefore, in this research, 15 university professors and experts were selected by available sampling method. To weight to information layers used from Saati's 9-option spectrum (superiority of one criterion over another) in the form of a questionnaire and a plan of language expressions. In this Research selected 10 location index of URBAN SHELTERS (Distance from densely populated places, Distance from the centers of population, Distance from the canal, river and surface water, slope of the land, Distance from vulnerable areas and worn tissue, Distance from main roads for access and movement, Distance from historical and cultural monuments, Distance from industrial centers and hazardous products, The distance from the target centers of enemy and Distance from centers with support functions in times of crisis) in the form of four general criteria (Demographic, functional, physical and natural-environmental). In the next step was determined Coefficients of importance of indicators and criteria using the network analysis process technique (ANP), Eventually has been identified the most preferred places In proportion to the purpose through overlapping layers of information and applying the obtained coefficients. Data analysis has been done in a descriptive-analytical way and Using Analytical Network Process (ANP) and also by using Excel, Super Decisions and GIS software.Results & DiscussionThe research results show that: Among the general criteria studied, two demographic and functional criteria in order with weights 0.427 and 0.305 and among the studied indicators, two indicators Proximity to densely populated places and Establishing at a suitable distance from the enemy's targets in order with weights 0.303 and 0.236 have been highest coefficients of importance. In the following Results of combined analysis GIS- ANP showed that: All four URBAN areas of Ilam (including Haniwan, Ostandari, Markazi, Banborz, Sabzi Abad, Nowruz Abad, Janbazan and Razmandegan districts) is prone to shelter construction, But is in priority Respectively Region 2 (Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts), Region 1 (Haniwan and Ostandari) and Region 3 (Nowruz Abad).ConclusionExamining the first question based on Current status of URBAN SHELTERS in Ilam city show that, most URBAN SHELTERS located in the average status from the aspect of spatial distribution. The result of second question based on identification most important indicators affecting on location of URBAN SHELTERS show that, two demographic and natural-environmental criteria identified as the most important and least important effective criterion in Location of URBAN shelter respectively with weights of 0.427 and 0.056. Eventually the results of third question based on identification best places to build URBAN SHELTERS in Ilam city show that, most suitable place to build URBAN shelter situated in Haniwan, Ostandari and central districts of region 1, Banborz and Sabzi Abad districts of region 2, Nowruz Abad district of region 3 and Janbazan and Razmandegan districts of region 4.

Background and objective Passive defense is an important issue such that developed countries have dedicated an important part of their comprehensive and national plans to this matter. In developing countries such as Iran, where URBAN infrastructure is still under construction, the need to pay attention to passive defense to reduce the damages is more important. The present study aims to locate the optimal places for multipurpose URBAN SHELTERS based on the principles of passive defense in Isfahan, Iran. Method Ten indicators were selected for locating the optimal places based on four main criteria (demographic, functional, physical and natural/environmental). Their coefficients of importance were determined using the analysis network process (ANP) method. The coefficients were used in the information layers in the GIS software, version 10.5. By overlaying the layers, the optimal areas for constructing URBAN SHELTERS were identified. Results Two demographic and functional criteria with weights of 0.429 and 0.321, respectively, were the most important criteria and two indicators of “distance from the crowded places” and “distance from the centers prone to enemy attacks” were the most important indicators with weights of 0.303 and 0.126, respectively. The results of the combined analysis (ANP-GIS) showed that the northeastern and southeastern regions were the optimal areas for constructing URBAN SHELTERS. Conclusion It is necessary to use the principles and operational strategies of non-active defense with emphasis on the principle of neighborhood for the location of URBAN SHELTERS. The innovation of the present research is in the indicators used and also the scope of the study.

Most cities around the world are in danger of disasters. Among disasters, the earthquake is the most dangerous and ruining one. Iran has been located in the Alpine-Himalayas seismic belt, and because of the significant frequency of severe earthquakes happening all over the country compare to other countries and the state of the unsecured residential and non-residential buildings in most of the areas, attention to the post-disaster phase is vital. This study aims to locate SHELTERS in some districts and allocate at-risk people of all districts to these SHELTERS. Also, another purpose of this study is the reduction of the allocated budget by the government and reduction of traveled distance by people considering the possibility of link failure due to the earthquake. Allocated budget by the government for shelter construction includes the fixed and marginal cost. Mixed Integer Linear Programming has been used for modeling the suggested method. This method has been applied to the Tehran network, and the Genetic Algorithm has been used for solving the proposed method. The results showed that the leading share of the imposed costs arose from the shelter construction budget. Furthermore, the probability of choosing a district for constructing a shelter has a direct relationship with the at-risk population and the cost of shelter construction in that district. Seven districts have chosen to build SHELTERS with about 400 thousand people capacity. District 16 chosen for constructing the biggest shelter that should serve to up to 123 thousand people and District 5 chosen to construct the smallest shelter that should serve to up to 16 thousand people.

AB-Boshghabi (Centella asiatica) from Apiaceae family, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asiatic countries for hundreds of years.This plant is indigenous to the warmer regions of both hemispheres, including southeast Africa, Asia, Srilanka, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, Eastern South America, Venezuela, Columbia. It is especially abundant in the swampy areas of India, Iran (around the Anzali lagoon), and Pakistan, Upto an altitude of approximately 700m.This hygrophyte plant is considered as a "vulnerable species" in the Red data book of plant species of Iran. This valuable hygrophyte species has a definitely exclusive habitat around the Anzali lagoon. The major principles are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside.The major clinical indications for the use of centella asiatica in human include the treatment of wounds, venous insufficiency of the limbs, Certain mycobacterial infections and cellulitus. In the present article, we review mainly medicinal aspect of Centella asiatica that hitherto has not received much attention.

Nowadays, the vulnerability of URBAN settlements is one of the URBAN security risk factors. Meanwhile, shelter is one of the most important components of increasing the safety factor in cities in the face of hazards. In the present study, which was conducted using a "descriptiveanalytical" method, an attempt was made to find the most appropriate place for the construction of an URBAN shelter in District One of Ahvaz metropolis. Theoretical data of the research was collected via library research, and after extracting the indicators, the spatial analysis of each index was obtained using GIS modeling. The analysis shows that the best places to build an URBAN shelter according to specific fuzzy patterns are located in the proximity of the Museum of Contemporary Art, adjacent to the Laleha Cultural and Educational Center, along the Khuzestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, Pars Hospital and Shahid Rajaei Hospital, near Hazrat Khadijeh High School, Hajar Technical Schools, etc.